【 以下文字轉載自 Lazy_Club 討論區 】
【 原文由 emai 所發表 】
1.為什麼要有c型軟骨且是不連續的?(聽說會是考題)
  Ans:c型軟骨是為ㄌ保護食道.讓食道通過的,c型的原因是因為要讓食道可以順利擴張
      有時東西吃的過急或過多ㄝ,食道就需擴張很大,c型軟骨不連續可以食道有空間
      順利擴張

2.Function of cartilage
    ．Tracheal cartilages stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway 
      (這重要!!) ,they also prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures
      change in the respiratory system.
    ．Early collapse of obstructive airway in patients of Emphysema.
    ．Purse lip manuever.

＊氣道壁還是有碎裂的軟骨,依舊還是有功能...保護氣管
＊COPD(肺氣腫)︰呼氣時,肺內外的臨界壓力點沒有發生在軟骨處,而導致氣道蹋陷
  治療﹕使用咀嚼呼吸...讓支氣管內產生正壓,不會蹋陷.

3.How can you identify the right primary branch from left primary branch?
  Ans︰右邊的支氣管較短﹐較陡﹐管徑較粗
   ＊吸入性肺炎的病患吞嚥發生問題﹐嗆入物品多到右邊就是此因.

4.lungs
    ．The lungs have distinct lobes separated by deep fissures.
    ．The ight lung has three lobes(sup./mid./inf. lobe)
    ．Horizontal fissure (minor fissure)
    ．Oblique fissure (major fissure)
  ＊minor fissure在臨床上是很重要的..(可是我忘記ㄌ ..^^")
    fissure在臨床上或X-ray中可看出肺的位置是否正確!!
  ＊嗆入物品多到mid. inf. lobe中..

5.The secondary & Tertiary Bronchus
    ．The secondary (lobar bronchi)
    ．Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
  ＊軟骨約到第三級氣管﹐第四級以下就沒有ㄌ.軟骨適用來保護氣管的!!
    呼氣時,肺內外的臨界壓力點是發生在軟骨處!!!

6.Segmental Bronchus
    ．Each tertiary
    ．沒抄到..^^"
    ．左肺的segment有10支但subsegment只有8或9支.而右肺還是有10支
  ＊左肺的subsegment為何只剩8或9支..是因為B1和B2在開口處融合(只有開口合,
    進去還是分成兩支﹐故有書本認為是分9支有些書本認為是分8支;還有B7不見ㄌ!)
  ＊carina ..支氣管中間的分隔﹐對咳嗽很敏感
    用處:當有東西掉落到氣管時會先碰到carina﹐就會引發咳嗽﹐使物品咳出
         若還是不能咳出﹐則掉入支氣管內﹐會產生痰引發第二次咳嗽反應將
         之咳出...

7.Segmental Bronchus
    ．Pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia ,pulmonary, TB, obstructive pneumontis)
    ．Collapse of lung
    ．Bronchoscope examination
    ．Postural drainage

8.The Blood supply to the lungs
    ．Pulmonary circut
    ．Bronchial arteries (provide oxygen & nutrients to the conduvting 
      passgeways of the lung)         
    ．Pulmonary embolism (.塞住因pulmonary a.)
    ．Pulmonary hypertension
    ．Hemoptysis (需作血管攝影.塞住血管)
  ＊ASD..心房的septum開了一個洞

9.Pleural membranes
    ．Each lung occupies a single pleural cavity
    ．The pleural cavity is a separate and closed potential space.

10.Pleural membrances
    ．Parietal pleura:covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall & 
      extend over the diaphragm & mediastinum.
    ．Visceral pleura:covers th outer surface of the lung. extending 
      into the fissures between the lobes.
  ＊Parietal pleura對痛覺很敏感所以是麻醉的地方
    Visceral pleura沒有感覺!!

11.Innervation of the Parietal Pleura
    ．Intercostal nerves--costal pleura & the peripheral part of the 
      diaphragmation pleura
    ．Phrenic nerve--central part of the diaphragmation pleura & the 
      mediastinal pleura (很重要..可能為考提!!)
                   Referred pain
        ．Intercostal nerve--cutaneous distribution of these nerve i,e,
          to the throacic & abdominal walls.
        ．Phrenic nerve--root of the neck & over the shoulder

12.Respiratory Muscles & Pulmonary Ventilation Skeleton muscles involved 
   in respiratory movements
    ．Diaphragm
    ．External and Internal intercostals
    ．Accessory muscles
      become active when the depth & frequency of respiration must be 
      increased markedly.
  ＊Accessory muscles在評估時很重要,如果病人呼吸用到accessory muscles時
    就表示呼吸方面的問題很嚴重ㄌ..

13.Accessory Muscle
      Assist the External intercostals(吸氣)
    ．Sternocleidomastoid 
    ．Serratus anterior
    ．Pectoralis minor
    ．Scalenes
      They hold onto a table to fix their pectoral girdles(clavicles &
      scapulae), so these muscles can act on their attachment to the ribs

14.Accessroy Muscle
      Assist the Internal intercostals(呼氣)
    ．Transevrsus thoracis
    ．Abdominal obliques
    ．Rectus abdominis

15.Accessory Muscle
   Clinical signs of inspiratory muscle fatique Paradoxical respiration
      Contration of accessory muscle produces a negative pressure in the
      thorax that may actually pull the flaccid diaphragm upward causing 
      the abdomen to move inward during inspiration.
  ＊Paradoxical respiratory
    正常的呼吸.在呼氣時肚子會凸出 而此病的病人反而會凹入   


以上就是我抄到的..有些我沒抄到..
如果有抄錯或者沒抄到的..哈..就請多見諒摟...*^^*

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